https://doi.org/10.15255/KUI.2025.005
Published: Kem. Ind. 74 (9-10) (2025) 413–426
Paper reference number: KUI-05/2025
Paper type: Review
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From MAX to MXenes: development, properties and applications of a new group of 2D materials

G. Ljubek, A. Brzić and M. Kraljić Roković

Abstract

The first MXene structure, Ti₃C₂T_x, was synthesised in 2011 by removing the aluminium layer from the Ti₃AlC₂ MAX phase. This process, known as chemical etching, paved the way for further development and synthesis of diverse MXene materials. The research has shown that MXenes possess a unique structure of several atomic layers of transition metal carbides and nitrides, resulting in exceptional properties, including high electrical conductivity, outstanding mechanical strength, hydrophilicity and a large specific surface area. Due to these characteristics, MXenes are recognised as innovative materials in fields such as energy storage, including supercapacitors and batteries, as well as in catalysis, sensing, electromagnetic shielding, water purification, biomedicine, electronics, etc. Various MXene synthesis methods have been developed, and their surface functionalisation potential further expands their applications, establishing them as one of the most promising groups of two-dimensional materials. This review provides a comprehensive overview of MXene synthesis, properties, and applications, as well as future research directions, underscoring their significance in the development of advanced materials and innovative technologies.

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Keywords

two-dimensional materials, MAX phase, MXene, Ti3C2Tx