https://doi.org/10.15255/KUI.2024.049
Published: Kem. Ind. 74 (9-10) (2025) 379–384
Paper reference number: KUI-49/2024
Paper type: Original scientific paper
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Catalytic Epoxidation of Waste Palm Cooking Oil Using In Situ Generated Peracid and a Hybrid Catalyst System

M. J. Jalil, N. I. A. Morsidi, N. Kamal, S. N. Abdullah, S. M. Ismail, A. Roslan, M. A. Riduan and I. S. Azmi

Abstract

This study investigates the catalytic epoxidation of waste palm cooking oil via an in situ generated peracid mechanism, employing a hybrid homogeneous catalyst system comprising sulphuric and nitric acid to enhance efficiency and sustainability. The research focuses on optimising key reaction parameters, which include temperature, catalyst loading, hydrogen peroxide-to-oleic acid molar ratio, and formic acid-to-oleic acid molar ratio. The optimised conditions identified were: (1) reaction temperature of 65 °C, yielding the highest oxirane content while minimising side reactions; (2) a catalyst loading of 0.5, achieving the best balance of conversion efficiency and reaction stability; (3) a hydrogen peroxide-to-oleic acid molar ratio of 2 : 1, maximising oxirane yield without promoting degradation reactions; and (4) a formic acid-to-oleic acid molar ratio of 1 : 1, providing the optimal acid concentration for efficient epoxidation. These findings support the potential of using waste-derived oils in biopolymer production, aligning with sustainable development and circular economy principles. This optimised approach enhances waste valorisation and contributes to the synthesis of eco-friendly materials.

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Keywords

epoxidation, waste cooking oil, oxirane content, hybrid catalyst, eco-friendly